Fruit is also informative because it is readily available in solid, semi-solid and liquid forms. While it appears that the water content of the item predominately determines its energy density and effects on intakes, few studies have been conducted with foods that have naturally high water contents - like fruit. solid, semi-solid or liquid, remains inconclusive. Thus, the evidence on the optimal form of a preload, i.e. While some studies indicate that solids have greater effects on reducing food and energy intake, others demonstrate that liquids can be as effective. ![]() In another experiment, women reported feeling more full and consumed 7-12% less calories from lunch after a low energy dense salad. ![]() For example, women who consumed a low energy dense soup preload rated their hunger and prospective food consumption significantly lower and consumed 26% fewer calories in subsequent meals. This effect appears most robust when a low energy dense preload is consumed before meals. Accumulating evidence indicate that reducing dietary energy density (kilocalories per gram of food) increases satiety and decreases energy intake. Dietary strategies range from restricting calories, manipulating macronutrient composition or enhancing single nutrients, to altering energy density. Trial registrationĪs the clinical and economic burden of obesity grows, practical interventions for weight management offer considerable therapeutic and cost containment advantages. It is notable that subjects in GF and GFJ preload groups experienced significantly greater benefits in lipid profiles. But, the form of the preload did not have differential effects on energy balance, weight loss or body composition. These data indicate that incorporating consumption of a low energy dense dietary preload in a caloric restricted diet is a highly effective weight loss strategy. ![]() Nevertheless, the amount and direction of change in serum HDL-cholesterol levels in GF (+6.2%) and GFJ (+8.2%) preload groups was significantly greater than water preload group (-3.7%). However, differences were not statistically significant among groups. Subjects experienced 7.1% weight loss overall, with significant decreases in percentage body, trunk, android and gynoid fat, as well as waist circumferences (-4.5 cm). Yet, after preloads were combined with caloric restriction, average dietary energy density and total energy intakes decreased by 20-29% from baseline values. The total amount (grams) of food consumed did not change over time. Resting energy expenditure, body composition, physical performance and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers were assessed. Weekly measures included blood pressure, weight, anthropometry and 24-hour dietary intakes. ![]() Preloads were matched for weight, calories, water content, and energy density. MethodsĮighty-five obese adults (BMI 30-39.9) were randomly assigned to (127 g) grapefruit (GF), grapefruit juice (GFJ) or water preload for 12 weeks after completing a 2-week caloric restriction phase. The purpose of the present study was to compare effects of a solid (grapefruit), liquid (grapefruit juice) and water preload consumed prior to breakfast, lunch and dinner in the context of caloric restriction. Yet, much discussion continues regarding the optimal form of a preload. Reducing dietary energy density has proven to be an effective strategy to reduce energy intakes and promote weight control.
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